MID of Organic Chemistry 1

Name   : Sri Mundarti

NIM    : RSA1C111017

Class    : Chemistry PGMIPABI 2011

1.      a. Explain how the concept of organic compoundsfrom petroleum can be used as a fuel for vehicles such as car, motor bike, including aircraft.

b.  explain it how the idea of chemical compounds from petroleum can be used to make clothing and plastics and material needs of ather human lives.

2.      Explain why the hydrocarbons that are asymetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for human being, and describe how does it the chiral centers can be formed

3.      When ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe. How do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas.

4.      Aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugated. Please explain why an unsaturated compound which highly conjugated but is not aromatic.

Jawab:

Answer:
1. A.

As we know that the Olefin (alkanes-alkenes) are the most important petrochemical ingredients. Among the most important olefin (most produced) is ethylene (ethene), propylene (propene), butylene (butene), and butadiene. Olefins are generally made of ethane, propane, naphtha, or gas oil (gas-oil) through the process of cracking (cracking). Ethane and propane can be derived from natural gas or from petroleum fractions; naphtha derived from petroleum fractions with molecular C-6 to C-10, while the gas-oil derived from petroleum fractions with molecules of the C-10 to C-30 or C-30. In addition to using petroleum cracking process can be used to create a lot of materials useful for life. For example, gasoline, diesel and others. its conversion process using distillation or refining processes. Distillation itself is a chemical separation methods based on differences in the speed or ease evaporate (volatility) of material in the distillation, boiling mixture of substances that vaporize, and the vapor is then cooled back into liquid form. Substance which has a lower boiling point will evaporate first.

For your information, lubricating oils currently on the market derived from petroleum processing. Crude oil (crude oil) petroleum drilling results at the bottom of the earth containing various hydrocarbons with boiling points vary. Later, various hydrocarbons contained in crude oil are separated using distillation techniques storey (refining) based on differences in their boiling points. So that will be obtained in different products.

1. B

Since most of the plastic used is a type of polyethylene plastic. There are two types of polyethylene, which is high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). HDP is widely used as plastic beverage bottles, while LDPE for plastic bags.

Apparently, when polyethylene is heated will form a compound liquid hydrocarbons. This compound has a similar shape candle (wax). That means it can be concluded that the manufacture of plastic and clothing that has the form and structure containing hydrocarbons must be made using petroleum made in such a way. Because polyethylene or PE (Poly Eth, Tygothene, Pentothene) is a polymer of ethylene (CH2 = CH2) which is a hydrocarbon that can be found in petroleum. Only we can make it after going through many processes.

2. Hydrocarbons with asymmetrical shape occurs only when a chiral molecule compounds, which may not coincide with the molecular mirror reflection. The word chiral comes from the Greek "Cheir" meaning hand. Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of carbon that is only the elements carbon and hydrogen elements. These compounds can be made into a lot of different forms. Interestingly the discussion of chiral hydrocarbons, changed slightly the shape of the molecule will be able to change the nature and benefits.

Molecules that do not have a field called chiral symmetry. The carbon atoms in which four different atoms bonded core called chiral or asymmetric carbon atom. The molecule on the left (which has a plane of symmetry) is called achiral. Only chiral molecules have optical isomers. So the core is formed because of the unique chiral carbon atom has four valence electrons hands since. So the bias binding either 4 atoms of different or the same.

3. I think ehilene used to ripen fruit can also be used as fuel for merupkan ethylene derivative of alcohol that also contain hydrocarbons. It's just that we need to make it again into another form or with the addition of other substances.

4. It said aromatic compound when he has at least one cicncin aromatic compounds may indeed have a bias bond forming into aromatic compounds. But the double bond does not form aromatic rings. This may be caused because the compound is not a compound consisting of six carbon atoms that form a chain C benzene. He's just a double bond in the form of compounds or the other straight. Bias is also due to less than 6 carbon atoms so it can not form a chain of benzene.

Acid Bases Organik

         The purpose of the organic acid is a weak acid is very incomplete because of ionization. At one time most of the acid in solution as molecules that are not ionized. For example, in the case etanoik acid, a solution containing 99% etanoik acid molecules and only 1 percent of that is really ionized. The position of the equilibrium being shifted to the left.
Comparing the strength of a weak acid
The strength of weak acids measured by pKa scale. The smaller the stronger the acidity level.
Factors to be considered
Two factors that affect the ionization of the acid is:
• The strength of the bond to be decided,
• the stability of the ions formed
The organic acid is a carboxylic acid group and is an organic base is an amine compound group.
- Carboxylic Acid
    Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the carboxyl functional groups formed through the combination of a carbonyl group with a hydroxyl group in a carbon trail.
Carboxylic acid derivatives are esters, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and amides.
- Extraction of acid-base: based on the acid-base properties of organic compounds in addition kelarutanya.
Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Esters Using
This method can be used to convert alcohols into esters, but this method is not applicable to phenols - compounds in which the-OH group is attached directly to a benzene ring.
- The chemistry of the reaction
Esters are produced when carboxylic acid is heated with alcohol in the presence of acid. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulfuric acid. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is sometimes used, but their use tends to involve aromatic esters (carboxylic acid ester which contains a benzene ring).

Lipid in Life

LIPID IN LIFE

Lipid is one of a group of organic compounds found in plants, animals, or humans and are very useful for human life. Lipid compounds do not have a formula similar structure or similar. Kimi properties and biological functions also vary. Subcutaneous tissue around the abdomen, the fat tissue around the kidneys contain a lot of lipids, especially fatty approximately 90%, in brain tissue lipid atal the eggs are about the size of 7.5 to 30%. Therefore, this paper compiled under the title "LIPID" to know more about lipid. Lipid functions are: • As a constituent structure of cell membranes • In this lipid acts as a barrier to cells and regulate the flow of materials • As • Lipid energy reserves stored as adipose tissue • As hormaon and vitamins • Hormone regulate communication between cells, while vitamin help the regulation of biological processes.

Fat storage and use re-fatty acids will be stored when not needed to meet energy needs. The main storage is adipose tissue fatty acids. As for the storage stages are: - Fatty acids are transported from the liver as VLDL complex. - Fatty acids are then converted into triglycerides in adipose cells for storage. - Glycerol 3-phosphate needed to make triglycerides. It should be available from glucose. - As a result, we can not store excess fat if there is no glucose in the body. Lipid dynamics in adipose cells. Consider the stages of the synthesis and degradation of triglyceride If energy demand can not be fulfilled by carbohydrates, the deposit of triglycerides can be used again. Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol can be a source of energy (see metabolism of glycerol). While fatty acids would be oxidized to meet the energy needs as well (see the beta oxidation).

Disease of lipid

a.       Disease Niemann-Pick is a hereditary disease in which there is a deficiency of a particular enzyme resulting in accumulation of sphingomyelin (fat metabolism) or there is an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol

b.      Gaucher disease, glucocerebroside, which results in fat metabolism, accumulate in the tissues. Gaucher disease is the most common lipidosis. The disease is most common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish (Eastern European). Gaucher disease causes enlargement of the liver and spleen and brown coloration of the skin. Stacking glucocerebroside in the eye causes yellow spots called pingueculae be seen. Stacking the cartilage can cause pain and destroy the bone.

Protein in life

PROTEIN AS A TRANSPORT TOOL IN LIFE

Protein Derived from the Greek word "Protos" meaning "most important", is a complex organic compounds of high molecular weight which are polymers of amino acid monomers are connected to each other by peptide bonds. Protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus. Protein plays an important role in the structure and function of all living cells and viruses. Approximately 50% of the dry weight of living organisms is the protein carrier protein has the ability to bind to specific molecules and transporting various substances through the blood stream. The protein functions as a means of transportation have characteristics of spherical bodies contained in the tissue fluid. These proteins are soluble in saline solution and dilute, easily changed under the influence of temperature, salt concentration and easily denatured

A.Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein compound with iron (Fe) called conjugated proteins. As the core is Fe where the hemoglobin causes the red color of the blood due to the presence of Fe. The function of hemoglobin, red blood cells carry oxygen in the systemic arteries of the lungs to jaringa and back in venous blood with carbon dioxide (CO2) into the lungs. Hemoglobin serves as a carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin molecule is mixed with oxygen to form oxy-hemoglobin. Oxy-hemoglobin formation as easily be reversed (revesibel), allowing hemoglobin and oxygen separation, oxygen levels become free. Thus oxygen biases into the network.

A.Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin is the major protein that contains copper minerals present in the plasma. Ceruloplasmin activity of the enzyme has ferrioxidase that converts ferrous iron in the form of the cells and in the form of store with transferrin and ultimately used by the bone marrow to the manufacturing process of erythrocytes. Ceruloplasmin is the main form of copper minerals are present in the circulation of the blood (plasma). Forms of Cu in the body bind to a protein complex that is 90% bound to globulin in the form of ceruloplasmin and 10% by albumin. Ceruloplasmin have activity as an enzyme capable of converting ferroksidase iron in the ferrous form of the cells and in the form of store with transferring and ultimately used by the bone marrow to the process of making erythrocytes (erytropoiesis). Ceruloplasmin is α-2-globulin. This protein is blue because it contains copper and carry 90% of copper present in the plasma. Myoglobin myoglobin is a protein that is a constituent of the blood that binds oxygen. Myoglobin unsuitable as an oxygen-carrying protein, but it is effective as an oxygen storage protein. Myoglobin in red muscle tissue that binds oxygen in a state of lack of oxygen to be released so that it can be used by the muscle mitochondria for ATP synthesis are dependent on oxygen.

Organic Compounds in Life

Organic Compounds

The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

Protein

Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids. Many proteins are immense in size and extremely complex. However, all proteins are composed of long chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Each amino acid) has an amino (—NH₂) group, a carboxyl (—COOH) group, and a group of atoms called an —R group (where R stands for radical). The amino acids differ depending on the nature of the —R group,. Examples of amino acids are alanine, valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.

The removal of water molecules links amino acids to form a protein. The process is called dehydration synthesis, and a by product of the synthesis is water. The links forged between the amino acids are peptide bonds, and small proteins are often called peptides.

One essential use of proteins is in the construction of enzymes. Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are not used up in a reaction; rather, they remain available to catalyze succeeding reactions.

All living things depend on proteins for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are constructed. Proteins are also found as supporting and strengthening materials in tissues outside of cells. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all composed of protein.

Characteristics of amino acids is determined by the nature of the amino acid side chain itself. Amino acid side chain carboxyl group-containing amino acids are grouped As with acid. Amino acid side chain amino group-containing amino acids are classified as alkaline. Meanwhile, the amino acid side chains do not contain carboxyl and amino acids are classified as neutral. Characteristics of each amino acid side chains that determine the nature and reactivity of the protein molecule.

Changes in the structure of the amino acid side chains resulted in the directional change protein properties. For example, in the case of sickle cell anemia (anemia sickel cell). Senderita sickle cell anemia hemoglobin has a different structure to the structure of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin sickle cell anemia patients consisted of 146 amino acid units. A single unit of the constituent amino acid change from glutamic acid (acidic amino acid side chain) to Valina (nonpolar side chain amino acids). This change leads to reduced solubility of sickle cell anemia hemoglobin resulting in reduced ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to body cells.

Carbohydrates

Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.

Simple carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars, can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose, a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. It is soluble and is transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration, and it is the main product of photosynthesis.