Lipid in Life

LIPID IN LIFE

Lipid is one of a group of organic compounds found in plants, animals, or humans and are very useful for human life. Lipid compounds do not have a formula similar structure or similar. Kimi properties and biological functions also vary. Subcutaneous tissue around the abdomen, the fat tissue around the kidneys contain a lot of lipids, especially fatty approximately 90%, in brain tissue lipid atal the eggs are about the size of 7.5 to 30%. Therefore, this paper compiled under the title "LIPID" to know more about lipid. Lipid functions are: • As a constituent structure of cell membranes • In this lipid acts as a barrier to cells and regulate the flow of materials • As • Lipid energy reserves stored as adipose tissue • As hormaon and vitamins • Hormone regulate communication between cells, while vitamin help the regulation of biological processes.

Fat storage and use re-fatty acids will be stored when not needed to meet energy needs. The main storage is adipose tissue fatty acids. As for the storage stages are: - Fatty acids are transported from the liver as VLDL complex. - Fatty acids are then converted into triglycerides in adipose cells for storage. - Glycerol 3-phosphate needed to make triglycerides. It should be available from glucose. - As a result, we can not store excess fat if there is no glucose in the body. Lipid dynamics in adipose cells. Consider the stages of the synthesis and degradation of triglyceride If energy demand can not be fulfilled by carbohydrates, the deposit of triglycerides can be used again. Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol can be a source of energy (see metabolism of glycerol). While fatty acids would be oxidized to meet the energy needs as well (see the beta oxidation).

Disease of lipid

a.       Disease Niemann-Pick is a hereditary disease in which there is a deficiency of a particular enzyme resulting in accumulation of sphingomyelin (fat metabolism) or there is an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol

b.      Gaucher disease, glucocerebroside, which results in fat metabolism, accumulate in the tissues. Gaucher disease is the most common lipidosis. The disease is most common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish (Eastern European). Gaucher disease causes enlargement of the liver and spleen and brown coloration of the skin. Stacking glucocerebroside in the eye causes yellow spots called pingueculae be seen. Stacking the cartilage can cause pain and destroy the bone.

Protein in life

PROTEIN AS A TRANSPORT TOOL IN LIFE

Protein Derived from the Greek word "Protos" meaning "most important", is a complex organic compounds of high molecular weight which are polymers of amino acid monomers are connected to each other by peptide bonds. Protein molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus. Protein plays an important role in the structure and function of all living cells and viruses. Approximately 50% of the dry weight of living organisms is the protein carrier protein has the ability to bind to specific molecules and transporting various substances through the blood stream. The protein functions as a means of transportation have characteristics of spherical bodies contained in the tissue fluid. These proteins are soluble in saline solution and dilute, easily changed under the influence of temperature, salt concentration and easily denatured

A.Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein compound with iron (Fe) called conjugated proteins. As the core is Fe where the hemoglobin causes the red color of the blood due to the presence of Fe. The function of hemoglobin, red blood cells carry oxygen in the systemic arteries of the lungs to jaringa and back in venous blood with carbon dioxide (CO2) into the lungs. Hemoglobin serves as a carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin molecule is mixed with oxygen to form oxy-hemoglobin. Oxy-hemoglobin formation as easily be reversed (revesibel), allowing hemoglobin and oxygen separation, oxygen levels become free. Thus oxygen biases into the network.

A.Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin is the major protein that contains copper minerals present in the plasma. Ceruloplasmin activity of the enzyme has ferrioxidase that converts ferrous iron in the form of the cells and in the form of store with transferrin and ultimately used by the bone marrow to the manufacturing process of erythrocytes. Ceruloplasmin is the main form of copper minerals are present in the circulation of the blood (plasma). Forms of Cu in the body bind to a protein complex that is 90% bound to globulin in the form of ceruloplasmin and 10% by albumin. Ceruloplasmin have activity as an enzyme capable of converting ferroksidase iron in the ferrous form of the cells and in the form of store with transferring and ultimately used by the bone marrow to the process of making erythrocytes (erytropoiesis). Ceruloplasmin is α-2-globulin. This protein is blue because it contains copper and carry 90% of copper present in the plasma. Myoglobin myoglobin is a protein that is a constituent of the blood that binds oxygen. Myoglobin unsuitable as an oxygen-carrying protein, but it is effective as an oxygen storage protein. Myoglobin in red muscle tissue that binds oxygen in a state of lack of oxygen to be released so that it can be used by the muscle mitochondria for ATP synthesis are dependent on oxygen.

Organic Compounds in Life

Organic Compounds

The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

Protein

Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids. Many proteins are immense in size and extremely complex. However, all proteins are composed of long chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Each amino acid) has an amino (—NH₂) group, a carboxyl (—COOH) group, and a group of atoms called an —R group (where R stands for radical). The amino acids differ depending on the nature of the —R group,. Examples of amino acids are alanine, valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.

The removal of water molecules links amino acids to form a protein. The process is called dehydration synthesis, and a by product of the synthesis is water. The links forged between the amino acids are peptide bonds, and small proteins are often called peptides.

One essential use of proteins is in the construction of enzymes. Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are not used up in a reaction; rather, they remain available to catalyze succeeding reactions.

All living things depend on proteins for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are constructed. Proteins are also found as supporting and strengthening materials in tissues outside of cells. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all composed of protein.

Characteristics of amino acids is determined by the nature of the amino acid side chain itself. Amino acid side chain carboxyl group-containing amino acids are grouped As with acid. Amino acid side chain amino group-containing amino acids are classified as alkaline. Meanwhile, the amino acid side chains do not contain carboxyl and amino acids are classified as neutral. Characteristics of each amino acid side chains that determine the nature and reactivity of the protein molecule.

Changes in the structure of the amino acid side chains resulted in the directional change protein properties. For example, in the case of sickle cell anemia (anemia sickel cell). Senderita sickle cell anemia hemoglobin has a different structure to the structure of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin sickle cell anemia patients consisted of 146 amino acid units. A single unit of the constituent amino acid change from glutamic acid (acidic amino acid side chain) to Valina (nonpolar side chain amino acids). This change leads to reduced solubility of sickle cell anemia hemoglobin resulting in reduced ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to body cells.

Carbohydrates

Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.

Simple carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars, can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose, a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. It is soluble and is transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration, and it is the main product of photosynthesis.

 

Aromatic

Aromatic compounds and its structureWhich includes aromatic compounds is• benzene compounds• The chemical compound with chemical properties such as benzene1. BenzeneBenzene and benzene derivative compounds first synthesized by Michael Faraday in 1825, from which the gas is used as fuel for lamps penerang.Sepuluh years later it was discovered that benzene has the molecular formula C6H6 thus concluded that benzene has a double bond more than alkenes.Of the oily residue is buried in the gas mains in London. Currently, the main source of benzene, substituted benzene and aromatic compounds are petroleum: formerly of nearly 90% coal tar compounds active ingredients are aromatic compounds: benzene core has the formula.a. Structure of BenzeneThe double bond in benzene is different from the alkene double bond. The double bond in alkenes can undergo addition reactions, whereas the double bond in benzene can not you get an addition, but benzene can react substitution. Example:Addition reaction: C2H4 + Cl2 -> C2H4Cl2Substitution reaction: C6H6 + Cl2 -> C6H5Cl + HClAccording to Friedrich August Kekulé, six carbon atoms arranged in a cyclic benzene irregular hexagonal shape with a bond angle of 120 ° respectively. Antaratom carbon bond is a double bond and a single alternating (conjugated).
 X-ray analysis of the structure of benzene indicates that the carbon bond lengths in benzene antaratom same, ie 0.139 nm. The length of a double bond C = C is 0.134 nm and the length of C-C single bond is 0.154 nm. Thus, the carbon-carbon bonds in the benzene molecule is between double bond and a single bond. This renders the structure of Kekulé.Kekulé describe the structure of benzene by carbon atoms linked to one another to form a ring.• August Kekulé in 1865: The structure illustrates that the structure of benzene composed three double bonds in the ring 6 members.• The three double bonds can be shifted and return quickly so that the two forms may not be separated.
Orbital benzeneEach carbon atom in benzene tying 3 others using sp2 hybridized orbital forming a planar molecule.Benzene is a symmetrical molecule, hexagonal shape with a bond angle 120oEach C atom has four orbital into the p orbitals. P orbitals overlap will experience suh (overlapping) to form a cloud of electrons as the source of electrons.C. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS heterocyclicAccording to Erich Hückel, a compound that contains five or six-membered ring is aromatic if:• all the constituent atoms lie in a flat (planar)• every atom that form a ring having a 2p orbital• have the pi electrons in the cyclic arrangement of the 2p orbitals as 4n +2 (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)In addition to benzene and its derivatives, there are several other types of compounds exhibit aromatic properties, which have high unsaturation and showed no reactions like alkenes. Benzene homosiklik included in the class of compounds, ie compounds that have only one type of atom in the ring system. There are heterocyclic compounds, are compounds that have more than one type of atom in the ring system, the ring is composed of one or more atoms that are not carbon atoms. For example, pyridine and pirimidina are aromatic compounds such as benzene. In pyridine one CH unit of benzene is replaced by a nitrogen atom sp2 hybridise, and in pirimidina two CH units replaced by nitrogen atoms are sp2 hybridise.Membered heterocyclic compounds of five such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and imidazole also includes aromatic compounds.D. TERMS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDSAromatics Requirements:1. Molecules have cyclic and flat.2. have p orbitals perpendicular to the ring plane (pi electron delocalization allow).3. have p orbitals perpendicular to the ring plane (pi electron delocalization allow)8 siklooktatetraena not aromatic pi electrons.(Fessenden and Fessenden .463-464: 1982).A. Hückel rule
            In the year 1931 a German chemist Erich Hückel, suggested that an aromatic compound to be flat, monocyclic (one ring) needs to have as many pi elketron 4N + 2, where n is an integer sebuahn. According to the Hückel rule, a ring with pi electrons as 2,6,10 or 14 can be aromatic, but the ring with 8 or 12 pi electrons, can not be. Siklooktatetraena (with 8 electrons pi) does not comply with Hückel rule for aromaticity.Why the 6 or 10 pi electrons are aromatic, whereas 8 pi electrons are not?In order to be aromatic, all pi electrons must be paired, so it is possible overlapping (overlapping) optimal resulting in delocalization perfect.
            If siklooktatetraena flat and has a system similar to pi pi system of benzene, the orbital π1, π2, and π3 will be filled with six pi electrons pi.Dua remaining electrons will each occupy degenerate orbitals and π5 π4 (Hund's rule). Then not all the pi electrons will pair up and will not overlap maksimal.Jadi sikooktatetraena will not be aromatic. (Fessenden and Fessenden .464-464: 1982).Aromatic compounds must meet the following criteria:- Cyclical- Contains a delocalized p electron clouds below and above the plane of the molecule- Double bonds alternate with single bonds- Have a total number of 4N +2 p electrons, where n must bulisal numbers: if the number of electrons in a ring of a cyclic p = 12, then n = 2.5 then instead of aromatic compounds
  B. Ion cyclopentadiene
            Cyclopentadiene is a conjugated diene and aromatic aromatik.Alasan main reason why not is that one carbon atom is sp3, not sp2.Karbon sp3 has no p orbitals take tuk un pi bond, but when taken one of the hydrogen ions in the cyclopentadiene carbon hidrodisasi will change to sp2 and p orbitals will have that contains a pair of electrons.
                             
 Aromatic Aromatic Cation AnionAll the carbon atoms of the cyclopentadiene cation will also be sp2.Is one or both of these ions are aromatic? Each ion has five π molecular orbitals (p orbitals formed from five, one per carbon). Anion cyclopentadiene with six pi electrons (4N +), filling three orbitals and all these pi electrons that are aromatik.Tetapi berpasangan.Maka cation anion it only has four electrons (4N) to fill three orbital.Maka pi electrons is not going all berpasangan.Jadi cation is not aromatic.(Fessenden and Fessenden .465-466: 1982).