The chemical compounds of living
things are known as organic compounds because of their association with
organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life
processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous
types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living
things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.
Protein
Proteins, among the most complex of
all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids. Many proteins are immense
in size and extremely complex. However, all proteins are composed of long
chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Each
amino acid) has an
amino (—NH2) group, a carboxyl (—COOH) group, and a group of atoms
called an —R group (where R stands for radical). The amino acids differ
depending on the nature of the —R group,. Examples of amino acids are alanine,
valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.
The removal of water molecules links amino acids to
form a protein. The process is called dehydration synthesis, and a by
product of the synthesis is water. The links forged between the amino acids are
peptide bonds, and small proteins are often called peptides.
One essential use of proteins is in the construction
of enzymes. Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that take place
within cells. They are not used up in a reaction; rather, they remain available
to catalyze succeeding reactions.
All living things depend on proteins for their
existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are
constructed. Proteins are also found as supporting and strengthening materials
in tissues outside of cells. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all
composed of protein.
Characteristics of amino acids is
determined by the nature of the
amino acid side chain
itself. Amino acid side chain carboxyl
group-containing amino acids are grouped As
with acid. Amino acid side chain amino
group-containing amino acids are classified as
alkaline. Meanwhile, the amino acid side chains
do not contain carboxyl and amino acids are
classified as neutral. Characteristics of each amino acid side chains that determine the nature and reactivity of the protein molecule.
Changes in the structure of the amino acid side chains resulted in the directional change protein properties. For example, in the case of sickle cell anemia (anemia sickel cell). Senderita sickle cell anemia hemoglobin has a different structure to the structure of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin sickle cell anemia patients consisted of 146 amino acid units. A single unit of the constituent amino acid change from glutamic acid (acidic amino acid side chain) to Valina (nonpolar side chain amino acids). This change leads to reduced solubility of sickle cell anemia hemoglobin resulting in reduced ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to body cells.
Carbohydrates
Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of
energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials.
Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio
of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.
Simple carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars,
can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides
if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose,
a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. It is soluble and is
transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its
energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration, and it is
the main product of photosynthesis.
would explaine to me, in amino acid side the chains of amino acids can be change each other, as we know that there are amino acid side chains of acidic, basic and neutral. how amino acids can be exchanged while the side chain side groups that have different properties?
BalasHapusI'll try to answer yours, in protein there's a C asymetris which makes a bond w/ H, carbocillic group, amina group, and R group. We know that carboccilic is acid and amina is base. In protein, thing that we can change is R group, it can be aromatic, siclic or alifatik compound.
BalasHapus